nft-generator-py

nft-generator-py is a python based NFT generator which programatically generates unique images using weighted layer files. The program is simple to use, and new layers can be added by adding a new layer object and adding names, weights, and image files to the object. You can View The Demo here.

Usage

As of v2.0.0, nft-generator-py will use the argparse library in order to support external configuration files and won't require users to interact with the python files themselves.

1. Install requirements: python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt

2. Make a configuration JSON file. See the configuration section below for specifications.

3. Add layer files into the /images folder.

4. Run the command python3 generate.py --amount AMOUNT --config CONFIG

   where:

   1. AMOUNT is the amount of images to generate
   2. CONFIG is the path pointing to a .json file containing valid program configuration.

How it works

• A call to generate_unique_images(amount, config) is made, which is the meat of the application where all the processing happens.
• The config object is read and for each object in the layers list, random values are selected and checked for uniqueness against all previously generated metadata files.
• Once we have amount unique tokens created, we layer them against eachother and output them and their metadata to their respective folders, ./metadata and ./images.

Configuration

{
  "layers": [
    {
      "name": "Background",
      "values": ["Blue", "Orange", "Purple", "Red", "Yellow"],
      "trait_path": "./trait-layers/backgrounds",
      "filename": ["blue", "orange", "purple", "red", "yellow"],
      "weights": [30, 45, 15, 5, 10]
    },
    ...
  ],
  "incompatibilities": [
    {
      "layer": "Background",
      "value": "Blue",
      "incompatible_with": ["Python Logo 2"]
    },
  ],
  "baseURI": ".",
  "name": "NFT #",
  "description": "This is a description for this NFT series."
}

The config object is a dict that contains configuration instructions that can be changed to produce different outputs when running the program. Within metadata files, tokens are named using the configuration's name parameter, and described using the description parameter.

• In ascending order, tokenIds are appended to the name resulting in NFT metadata names such as NFT #0001.
• tokenIds are padded to the largest amount generated. IE, generating 999 objects will result in names NFT #001, using the above configuration, and generating 1000 objects will result in NFT #0001.
• As of v1.0.2, padding filenames has been removed.

The layers list contains layer objects that define the layers for the program to use when generating unique tokens. Each layer has a name, which will be displayed as an attribute, values, trait_path, filename, and weights.

• trait_path refers to the path where the image files in filename can be found. Please note that filenames omit .png, and it will automatically be prepended.
• weight corresponds with the percent chance that the specific value that weight corresponds to will be selected when the program is run. The weights must add up to 100, or the program will fail.

The incompatibilities list contains an object that tells the program what layers are incompatible with what. In the above configuration, A Blue Background layer will never be generated with Python Logo 2.

• layer refers to the targeted layer.
• value is the value of the layer that is incompatible with attributes within the incompatible_with list.
• incompatible_with is the list of incompatible layers that will never be selected when layer has attribute value.

As of v1.0.2, the IPFS CID may be updated programatically after generating NFTs and uploading /images to IPFS. This will update all metadata files to correctly point "image" to the IPFS CID.

• This is an optional step, and can be exited safely using enter or control + c.

Troubleshooting

• All images should be in .png format.
• All images should be the same size in pixels, IE: 1000x1000.
• The weight values for each attribute should add up to equal 100.

Credits

This project is completely coded by Jonathan Becker, using no external libraries.

Heimdall

Heimdall is an advanced and modular smart-contract toolkit which aims to make dealing with smart contracts on EVM based chains easier.

Installation & Usage

pip install eth-heimdall

Heimdall operates off the argparse library, with modules specifying which operation you with to perform.

heimdall [-m/--module] MODULE [-v] [--default] [-arguments]

Modules & Help

You may find the various modules supported by Heimdall by using the -h option, which opens the help menu by default.

Options:
  -h, --help                          Show the help message and exit
  -hh                                 Show advanced help message and exit
  --version                           Display version information and exit
  --update                            Updates heimdall to the latest release
  -v, --verbose                       Toggle verbose output

  Modules:
    Below is a list of modules currently supported on Heimdall

        #  |       Name  |                                           Description    
           |             |                                                      
        0  |     Config  |           Easily modify the configuration on Heimdall
        1  |      Debug  |              Easily access Heimdall debug information
        2  |  Decompile  |      Decompile and download the target smart contract

  Parameters:
    -m MODULE, --module MODULE        Operation module, either name or number from list
    -t TARGET, --target TARGET        Target of operation (file, transaction id,
                                        or address)
    -o PATH, --output PATH            Path to write output to
    -c ID, --chain ID                 Chain ID of target
    -p URL, --provider URL            URL of custom Ethereum provider

  Additional:
    --open, --edit                    Attempts to open nano / edit on the operation
    --redeploy ID                     Redeploys the contract from -n onto ID
    --beautify                        Attempts to beautify the downloaded contract using
                                        statistical renaming and spacing
    --default                         Always use defaults when prompted for input
    --flush, --ignore-cache           Flushes the cache and rewrites it

Please keep in mind as more modules are released, module numbers may change. It's recommended to use the module name instead.

Module Documentation

Specific module documentation can be found in the /docs folder, or quickly navigate using the links beow.

Configuration

You may save environment information, such as remote and local providers, to the configuration folder in env/conf.json.

Contributing

If you'd like to contribute to Heimdall or add a module, please open a pull-request with your changes, as well as detailed information on what is changed, added, or improved.

Modules

To add a module, you must add a .py file within the /lib/modules folder. In order for your pull-request to be accepted, your module must begin with a meta object, which is used when displaying what it does to end-users.

Example meta object:

meta = {
  "title": "Decompile",
  "description": "Decompile and download the target smart contract",
  "author": "Jonathan Becker <jonathan@jbecker.dev>",
  "version": "v1.0.0",
}

You will also need to add detailed documentation to this readme file in the Module Documentation section.

Troubleshooting

If you encounter an issue, please create one using the link below. You MUST follow the issue format, or it will be marked as invalid.

Issues that remain inactive for 72 hours will be marked inactive and closed. If your issue is accepted by a contributor, they will assign themselves to it and add corresponding tags.

Credits

This project is coded in its entirety by Jonathan Becker. Various contributors can be found in the sidebar.

Recurring Payments on Ethereum

October 27, 2021    |    By Jonathan Becker

Recurring payments on the blockchain have been a topic of discussion for some time. First introduced in EIP-1337 in 2018, the proposal never really caught on. My approach to recurring payments on Ethereum takes a simpler approach than EIP-1337 did, which may help it have a larger impact on the community.

You can find this PoC write-up on my research page.

Live demo's of the contract can be found on the Ropsten network at the following links:

RecurringPayments: https://ropsten.etherscan.io/address/0xF4EfF5176bA24156d483Fddf89A09aAA12e67bAB

ERC-20: https://ropsten.etherscan.io/token/0x119b1b4697d31589fa209ba627355BfB20bebDA6

0x01. Abstract

The recurring payment implementation I will explore throughout this paper is an application of the ERC-20 Token Standard's approve(...) function. An unlimited allowance (2^256-1) is approved to the subscription contract address, which periodically allows the _payee to call a timelocked proxy of ERC-20's transferFrom(...) method.

0x02. Detailed Analysis

Consequences

Pros:

• _spender must only call 2 transactions to create a subscription; approve(...) and createSubscription(...).The burden is on the payee to call the transferFrom(...) proxy, meaning they must pay the gas fees to process future payments.
• Subscriptions can be cancelled at any time, by either the _spender or the _payee.

Cons:

• This approach requires an unlimited^* approval to the smart contract handling the recurring payments.
  • * Technically, this approval can be any amount as long as the _spender approves at least enough to pay for a minimum of 2 transactions. Although unlimited approvals of ERC-20 tokens are against Solidity best practice, this PoC allows for recurring payments on Ethereum in a generally secure manner, where the only potential losses lie in the smart contract's integrity.
• We rely on block.timestamp for the timelock. This is generally not an issue, but should be noted.

Specification

Methods

• getSubscription

  Returns the Subscription of _customer to _payee.

  function getSubscription(address _customer, address _payee) public view returns(Subscription memory)

• subscriptionTimeRemaining

  Returns the time in seconds remaining until the subscription payment may be charged again.

  function subscriptionTimeRemaining(address _customer, address _payee) public view returns(uint256)

• createSubscription

  Creates a Subscription which allows _payee to charge the caller _subscriptionCost every _subscriptionPeriod, until the Subscription is cancelled.

  This may only be called by the customer, and will automatically charge them for the first billing period. Requires an approval to the subscription contract address of _subscriptionCost * 2.

  Emits a Transfer, NewSubscription, and SubscriptionPaid event.

  function createSubscription(address _payee, uint256 _subscriptionCost, address _token, string memory _name, string memory _description, uint256 _subscriptionPeriod ) public virtual

• cancelSubscription

  Cancels a subscription between _customer and _payee and disallows further executePayment(...) calls.

  This can be called by either party.

  function cancelSubscription(address _customer, address _payee ) public virtual

• executePayment

  Charges _customer for the subscription between _customer and the payee a total of _subscriptionCost, given that they have enough token balance and _subscriptionPaid is false.

  This must be called by the payee.

  function executePayment(address _customer) public virtual

• _subscriptionPaid

  An internal function that returns true if the subscription between _customer and _payee has been paid for the current period, or false if otherwise.

  function _subscriptionPaid(address _customer, address _payee) internal view returns(bool)

Events

• NewSubscription

  MUST be called whenever a new subscription is created.

  event NewSubscription(Customer, Payee, Allowance, TokenAddress, Name, Description, LastExecutionDate, SubscriptionPeriod);

• SubscriptionCancelled

  MUST be called whenever a new subscription is cancelled.

  event SubscriptionCancelled(Customer, Payee);

• SubscriptionPaid

  MUST be called whenever a new subscription is paid.

  event SubscriptionPaid(Customer, Payee, PaymentDate, PaymentAmount, NextPaymentDate);

0x04. Conclusion

This method of allowing smart-contracts to recursively call transferFrom(...) based on an timelocked proxy function enables subscriptions on the blockchain, one of the most important aspects when it comes to running a service or business. The approach this PoC takes is also trustless, and can be revoked any time by the owner, allowing for a truly decentralized form of recurring payments & subscriptions on Ethereum.

0x05. Resources & Citations

• Fabian Vogelsteller, Vitalik Buterin, "EIP-20: Token Standard," Ethereum Improvement Proposals, no. 20, November 2015. [Online serial]. Available: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-20.
• Kevin Owocki, Andrew Redden, Scott Burke, Kevin Seagraves, Luka Kacil, Štefan Šimec, Piotr Kosiński, ankit raj, John Griffin, Nathan Creswell, "EIP-1337: Subscriptions on the blockchain," Ethereum Improvement Proposals, no. 1337, August 2018. [Online serial]. Available: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1337.

Revoke.Finance

March 05, 2022    |    By Jonathan Becker

Revoke.finance is a simple DApp which allows users to see all open token approvals on their Ethereum account and manage them in an elegant React UI. I made this project after witnessing the DDoSing of revoke.cash as well as etherscan.io during the February 19 OpenSea phishing attack.

This project will be deployed to IPFS and will be DDoS proof as long as one node is hosting the file. All valid IPFS CIDs can be found on Revoke.finance, which will be updated as the project recieves further updates.

URL: https://revoke.finance/

IPFS Mirror: ipfs://bafybeifvkg4o5b7vxitg46xevmgmza7rkjjhc6fd2dx6spl5rnrkfxgiru

0x01. Features

ERC20 Approval List

The main feature of this project is the approval list, which will show all active approvals from supported ERC-20 tokens. This allows users to view the Token, Contract Address, Spender Address, and Allowance Amount for each approval, and give them the option to edit or revoke this approval.

Incident Feed

Another valuable feature of this DApp is the incident feed, which will allow users to see in real-time incidents that are ongoing within the cryptospace. This includes hacks, exploits, or bugs, and will allow users on the application to see which approvals may be risked due to an ongoing incident.

Open Source

This entire project is open-source and crowdsourced. If you have an ERC-20 token you want supported, or want to report an incident, all you have to do is open a pull-request and it will be added to the DApp. For more information on contributing, see the next section.

0x02. Contributing

Adding support for a token

If you want to add support for a token or change token information, follow these steps:

• 1. Fork this repository
• 2. Add or edit the token within public/assets/json/erc20.json.
  • In order to be accepted, follow the JSON format below:

    {
      chainId: number,         // Chain ID 
      address: string,         // Contract address
      name: string,            // Name of token, 40 chars max
      symbol: string,          // Symbol of token, 20 chars max
      decimals: number,        // Number of decimals token uses
      logoURI: string | null,  // URI / URL for token logo 
      extensions: {
        link: string | null,        // URL of token's website
        description: string | null, // Short description of token (1000 chars max)
        ogImage: string | null      // URL of Open Graph image of token website 
      }
    }

  • Fields that do not exist should be marked null.
• 3. Open a pull request to the main branch.
  • If you are updating a token, explain why within your PR.

Reporting an Incident

If you are reporting an incident that is ongoing or has happened in the past, follow these steps:

• 1. Fork this repository
• 2. Add or edit the incident within public/assets/json/incidents.json.
  • In order to be accepted, follow the JSON format below:

    {
      severity: string ,           // high, medium, or low
      platform: {
        name: string,              // Name of platform
        address: string | null,    // Contract address of platform
        logoURI: string | null,    // Link to platform Logo
      },
      description: string,         // Detailed description of incident (50 char min, 1000 max)
      source: string | null,       // Valid source regarding incident
      date: string,                // Date of incident, YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MM:SS (2022-03-05 23:59:59)
    }

  • Fields that do not exist should be marked null.
• 3. Open a pull request to the main branch.
  • If you are updating an incident, explain why within your PR.

0x03 Resources & Citations

• ERC20 token directory: 0xSequence/token-directory

sudoku-solver-py

soduku-solver-py is a simple program I challenged myself to create in 6 hours in python. Python is a language I need the most practice with, so I felt like this would be a good project to challenge that. This was a timed challenge, so there are most likely bugs, and it is not efficient at all.

How it works

You can View The Demo here, but basically heres the meat of the application.

• An object Board is generated which contains self.board and self.backup, with various helper classes such as Board.restoreBackup() and Board.canPlaceNumber.
• The self.board object is an array of 9 1 x 9 arrays, for example:

   [[2,8,0,0,0,0,0,0,1],
   [0,0,0,8,0,1,0,0,4],
   [0,0,4,0,7,0,3,0,0],
   [0,2,0,0,5,0,0,6,0],
   [0,0,3,1,0,9,7,0,0],
   [0,1,0,0,8,0,0,5,0],
   [0,0,1,0,6,0,8,0,0],
   [5,0,0,2,0,3,0,0,0],
   [9,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,6]]

• The program then generates an array potentialBoardValues, and assigns each blank space an array with all numbers that could be possible numbers for that space.
• We loop through potentialBoardValues and find where only 1 value can be placed there. This action is repeated until there are no more guaranteed values.
• We now recursively loop through potentialBoardValues, assigning numbers and searching for singular possibilities, reverting to a backup board when an invalid board is encountered.
  • At some point the board will be solved, which can take anywhere from 1 second to 1 minute, since its not very efficient at all.

Todo

If I ever do revisit this project, I need to revamp the correction system so it goes back to the furthest correct point. Right now, we backup to the beginning when encountering an invalid board, which exponentially increases solve times.

Credits

This project is completely coded by Jonathan Becker, using no external libraries.

node-temp-mail

Node wrapper for creating and fetching temporary, disposable emails, as well as their new messages.

Installation

npm install node-temp-mail

Usage

var TempMail = require('node-temp-mail');

// Let's create an address object so it can be accessed by the module.
var address = new TempMail("testAddress");

// We already have the address object, so now let's access it and get a list of the emails in a nice & neat json object.
address.fetchEmails(function(err,body){
  console.log(body);
});

// If for any reason you need to see the full temporary email address, you can use the following function.
address.getAddress()